منابع مشابه
Big bang of the brane universe
Big bang of the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW)-brane universe is studied. In contrast to the spacelike initial singularity of the usual FRW universe, the initial singularity of the FRW-brane universe is point-like from the viewpoint of causality including gravitational waves propagating in the bulk. Existence of null singularities (‘seam singuralities’) is also shown in the flat and open FRW-...
متن کاملSTRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION USING BIG BANG-BIG CRUNCH ALGORITHM: A REVIEW
The big bang-big crunch (BB-BC) algorithm is a popular metaheuristic optimization technique proposed based on one of the theories for the evolution of the universe. The algorithm utilizes a two-phase search mechanism: big-bang phase and big-crunch phase. In the big-bang phase the concept of energy dissipation is considered to produce disorder and randomness in the candidate population while in ...
متن کاملThe Universe Rotates and is No Big Bang
I found a ‘quadruple image’ of ‘Hot and Cold Spots’ in the CMB-image, published by the gathered data of the Planck-satellite in 2013, and analyzed by me in the context of the (new) Double Torus cosmology. The ‘quadruple image’ proves the Universe rotates!! The ‘quadruple image’ follows the logic of a ‘dark flow’ in the Double Torus. This ‘dark flow’ is expressed in my (new) dark energy force-fo...
متن کاملModels of Universe with an inhomogeneous Big Bang singularity
The existence of stars and galaxies reqires cosmological models with an inhomogeneous matter and radiation distribution. But in these models the initial singularity surface t0(r) is in general homogeneous (independent of r). In this second paper of a series devoted to an inhomogeneous Big Bang singularity, we investigate the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) dipole. A special Tolman-...
متن کاملThe Expansion of the Universe During Big-Bang Nucleosynthesis
In conventional general relativity, the expansion rate H of a Robertson-Walker universe is related to the energy density by the Friedmann equation. Aside from the present day, the only epoch at which we can constrain the expansion history in a model-independent way is during Big-Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN). We consider a simple two-parameter characterization of the behavior of H during BBN and d...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Nature
سال: 1971
ISSN: 0028-0836,1476-4687
DOI: 10.1038/234054b0